Other papers have examined the influence of economic and demographic factors on sports participation in Germany using the German Socio-Economic Panel, 1985-20051985–2005. They show that both increased income and higher educational levels positively affect sports participation. In contrast, more working hours, older age, and female gender are negatively related. About the relative effect, the highest is produced by age, followed by education and income (Breuer & Wicker, 2008), and the lowest by gender. In a later study, Hovemann & Wicker (2009) extended their analysis of the determinants of sports participation to the European Union (including 25 countries) based on the Eurobarometer Panel Data, 2004. Using a logistic regression model they estimated that the probability of sports participation decreases with factors such as increasing age, marital status (married people), children, self-employed people and gender (women). As for the factors that positively affect sports participation, they found that the size of the cities, as well as the years of education, show positive correlations.